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June 17, 20251 report

Springer Nature Book 'Social, Ethical and Legal Aspects of Generative AI: Tools, Techniques and Systems' Reportedly Published With Numerous Purportedly Fabricated or Unverifiable Citations

'Social, Ethical and Legal Aspects of Generative AI: Tools, Techniques and Systems,' published by Springer Nature in June 2025, reportedly contains numerous purportedly untraceable academic citations. Independent analyses by multiple researchers allegedly found that a substantial share of references in certain chapters could not be verified, including citations to journals that do not exist. Citation patterns reportedly appear consistent with known large language model hallucination behaviors.

Deployers
Unnamed chapter authors
Srikanta Patnaik
Springer Nature
Kazumi Nakamatsu
Jair Minoro Abe
Francesco Vigliarolo
Developers
Unknown large language model developers
Unknown generative AI developers

Reports